Relationship Between VO2 Max And Gender Physical Education Essay

Relationship Between VO2 Max And Gender Physical Education Essay Within the exercise world the most widely accepted measure of cardiovascular fitness is VO2 max. Also known as maximal oxygen uptake, VO2 max is defined by Albernethy et al (1996) as the maximum amount of oxygen than can be absorbed and transported to working tissues for use within the body. This literature also states that athletes with a high VO2 max are typically know to be endurance athletes whereas athletes with a lower VO2 max are classified as either power or sprint athletes. Whilst relationship between types of exercise and VO2 max are clearly defined, the relationship between VO2 max and gender is still a topic which is widely debated within the exercise world. After reviewing literature from Martin et al (1991), Rowland et al (2000) and Suth (2005) it is evident that males have a higher VO2 max than that of females, regardless of age. Despite this, all articles indicate that body composition and cardiac size are both major determinants of VO2 max. Rowland et al (2000) found that in adolescents, VO2 max is higher in males in both absolute terms and relative to body mass. Interestingly, at the age of 18 males have a 75% greater VO2 max when expressed as an absolute value as opposed to a 25-30% higher VO2 max relative to body mass (Rowland et al, 2000). As we venture into adulthood, females are said to have a body fat content which is 1.7 times greater than males and as a result there is a noteworthy gender difference in VO2 max when looking at absolute values (Suth, 2005). However, when looking at VO2 max relative to lean body mass the differences between genders are reduced by almost 50%. In the study conducted by Martin et al (1991) groups of sedentary and trained men and women were tested for VO2 max. The result yielded from the experiment indicate that males had a greater VO2 max both relative to body mass and when compared to the study groups. The aim of the current study was to conduct a two submaximal cardiovascular fitness tests on a sample of mixed gender university students in order to examine the relationship between VO2 max and gender. Two submaximal fitness tests, namely the Astrand-Ryhming step test and YMCA Protocol test were used in order to obtain the results and perform the analysis between genders. Method Subjects The study consisted of a total 83 participants, who were recruited from the faculty of human movement studies during laboratory sessions, which included 42 males and 41 females. Each of the participants was required to complete two fitness tests which aimed at determining their maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 max. Prior to undertaking the fitness tests each participant recorded their gender, age, height and weight by means of classification and analysis upon the tests completion. This data, represented as mean  ± standard deviation (SD), is as follows. Males (42) mean  ± SD: Age 19.07  ± 3.85 yrs, Height 181.39  ± 6.36 cm, Weight 76.88  ± 8.87 kg. Females (41) mean  ± SD: Age 18.28  ± 1.73 yrs, Height 181.39  ± 6.36 cm, Weight 60.05  ± 6.93 kg. In addition the participants were grouped into groups of 2-3, along with recording their 85% HR max for testing purposes. Testing Protocols Prior to the conduction of the Astrand-Ryhming step test and YMCA Protocol test, various conditions of testing were followed in order to ensure the same standard and validity of testing between groups. It was expressed that participants were to have not participated in heavy exercise nor have had and stimulants or heavy means in the four hours prior to testing. Also it was mentioned that participants were to be well hydrated and wearing clothing and footwear appropriate for physical activity. Finally, it must be noted that in ideal circumstances, temperature and humidity levels should be standardised. Astrand-Ryhming step test: For this test participants were required to set up steps at specific heights of both 40cm (males) and 33cm (females). In order to complete the test correctly the subjects had to step up and down on the platform at a rate of 22.5 complete ascents and descents per minute. This translated to a 4count on a metronome set at 90 beats per minute (bpm). Each participant was required to step for 6 minutes with their heart rate (HR) being recorded at the end of each minute. It was expressed that the test was not to exceed 10 minutes and the test be stopped if the HR exceed 85% HR max. The test was deemed completed when the difference between the final two values was less than 6 bpm. Upon completion of the test the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was used to estimate the participants VO2 max. YMCA Protocol test: For this particular test, participants were required to cycle for multiple intervals of three minutes according to a modified guide which was based on the participants HR. In order to ensure that the bike was at a comfortable height, students had to adjust the height of the cycle ergometer so that the knee was slightly flexed at the bottom of the downstroke. At the beginning of the test the student was required to pedal at 50 revolutions per minute (rpm) by means of warm up. The first workload on the ergometer was set at 25 watts (W) which the participant cycled for three minutes with their HR being recorded for the last 15 seconds of the 2nd and 3rd minutes. After the first three minutes had been completed the HR from the 2nd and 3rd minutes was analysed to determine the work-rate (WR) category for the remainder of the test, ensuring that the HR for this period differed by no more than 6. The participant then had to continue riding moving to subsequent WR after every three minutes u ntil the successive HR differed by no more than 6 bpm. The test was concluded when the participant had at least two WR with corresponding steady state heart rates between 110 bpm and 85% HR max. Data Collection Procedures The data collection process for the Astrand-Ryhming step test required participants to record their HR at 1 minute intervals until the steady state had been reached and the test completed. This raw data was used in correlation with both the participants weight and Astrand-Ryhming Nomogram to find their Raw VO2 max (L.min). For the YMCA Protocol test a chart was used whereby HR was plotted against WR. Firstly a horizontal line was drawn where the subjects age-predicted HR max lies. Secondly the HR from the last minute of each of the last two WR was plotted against the corresponding WR. Next a straight line is drawn joining these two values as well as intersecting the line of the subjects age-predicted HR max. From this point a vertical line was drawn downwards which intersected the work-rate and VO2 scales below the horizontal axis consequently determining the subjects VO2 levels (L.min). Data Analysis Procedures For the Astrand-Ryhming step test, the subjects age determined VO2 max was predicted by using the age correlation factor table which was located in the age correction factor for determination of predicted VO2 max table and multiplying it by the Raw VO2 max levels. Further analysis was conducted by converting this value from L.min to ml.kg.min in order express VO2 max relative to body mass. Like the analysis procedure for the Astrand-Ryhming step test, the relative body mass VO2 max was also determined for the YMCA Protocol test. This method differed from the Astrand-Ryhming step test as the age correction table was not used; instead age was incorporated into the graph for plotting HR against WR. Results After completion of the two sub-maximal fitness tests it was evident from the tests that males (49.09  ± 11.48) as a whole group recorded a higher VO2 max level in the YMCA Protocol Test as opposed to females (46.42  ± 11.81). Despite this, when analysing results for the Astrand-Ryhming step test it was discovered that as an entire cohort, females (48.26  ± 10.51) recorded an average higher VO2 max than their male (47.66  ± 8.04) counterparts. In addition, it is evident that males (H: 181.39  ± 6.36 cm, W: 76.88  ± 8.87 kg) have a higher average height and weight as opposed to women (H: 164.34  ± 26.94 cm, W: 60.05  ± 6.93 kg). Figure 1 refers to the average group VO2 max between males and females for both sub-maximal fitness tests. Based on this figure it is evident that males have a higher mean value for both tests than women. Conversely, women have a greater spread of data for the Astrand-Ryhming step test as opposed to men, as well as having higher maximum values for the YMCA Protocol Test. Males seem to have a fairly even spread of data for both tests, which correlates to their higher average VO2 max in the YMCA Protocol Test. Table 1: Average ( ± SD) values for males and females age, height (cm), weight (kg) and VO2 max (ml.kg.min) Age Weight (kg) Height (m) YMCA Protocol Test (ml.kg.min) Astrand-Ryhming step test (ml.kg.min) Males 19.07  ± 3.85 76.88  ± 8.87 181.39  ± 6.36 49.09  ± 11.48 47.66  ± 8.04 Females 18.28  ± 1.73 60.05  ± 6.93 164.34  ± 26.94 46.42  ± 11.81 48.26  ± 10.51 Figure 1: Box plot of average VO2 max between males and females for both sub-maximal fitness tests Discussion The gender differences of VO2 max for the study somewhat reflects the observations and results recorded in previous literature. Previous studies on gender research have indicated that males have a higher VO2 max than that of females, in both absolute terms and relative to body mass (Rowland et al, 2000). It was found that after the completion of the current study that this research was only partly confirmed as males were found to have a higher VO2 max in the YMCA Protocol Test, whilst females recorded a higher VO2 max in the Astrand-Ryhming step test. It is believed that differences in body composition are the main contributing factor as to why VO2 max levels differ between genders. When analysing height and weight components between males (H: 181.39  ± 6.36 cm, W: 76.88  ± 8.87 kg) and females (H: 164.34  ± 26.94 cm, W: 60.05  ± 6.93 kg), it was evident that males were on average significantly larger than females. This correlates with research conducted by Rowland et al (2000) which states that majority of males can produce a higher VO2 max due to the fact they are anatomically bigger. As a result of their larger size it is known that males have larger chest cavities and consequently larger lungs, which equates to them having a larger lung capacity and consequent VO2 max levels. This evidence is closely associated with the results produced from the YMCA Protocol Test as males (49.09  ± 11.48) produced a considerably higher VO2 max than that of females (46.42  ± 11.81). Evidently body composition is not the only determinant of VO2 max as personal fitness levels and training background may also play a major part in VO2 max levels (Suth, 2005). In addition to this, personal motivation could have also contributed to the overall results from the tests. Suth (2005) revealed that there is a high correlation between personal fitness, training background and VO2 max regardless of gender. Consequently, regardless of body composition or gender, a person who participates regularly in moderate to vigorous physical activity will have a higher VO2 max than that of a sedentary individual. With the selected sample being human movement studies students, who all have an interest in sport, it is likely that majority of participants would engage in physical activity resulting in them having above average fitness levels. Whilst training background and prior fitness levels were not extensively measured prior to the test is may be assumed that this concept is a possible e xplanation for the females (48.26  ± 10.51) recording a marginally higher VO2 max than males (47.66  ± 8.04) in the Astrand-Ryhming step test. Key limitations to this study could have had a direct correlation to the results which were recorded from the study. Mainly the fact that the two sub-maximal fitness tests were performed directly after each other could have had a direct bearing on the results. This is because following the first test, depending on how exhausting it was, the subject could have been pre-fatigued and possibly performing below their optimal performance levels consequently producing a lower VO2 max level. Another limitation to the study is the fact that training background and fitness levels were not extensively analysed prior to the studies conduction. This is particularly evident as all of the studies participants, as they are a part of the faculty of human movement studies, would be assumed to have above average VO2 max levels consequently not providing much difference between males and females. Conversely, if participants of this study were compared against a group of sedentary individuals different r esults outlining differences between fitness levels and genders could be expected. Similarly, it would be expected that the VO2 max results for the second test would be lower than the first due to fatigue. Looking forward to the future, ensuring that all participants perform each test in the same order, or possibly on different days, will mean that the results obtained from the tests will project the optimal efforts of the participants. Conversely, a downfall to this would be that it would take more time to obtain results from the two tests. Also, another idea is to groups participants according to body mass and/or height in order to determine whether maximal oxygen uptake is governed by gender or body composition.

Analysis and Discussion of the Nature of Team Building Process

I have just been appointed as a Manager of a Department within a new company. My role will be to develop a new work group of twelve into an effective and cohesive business team. The aim of this paper will be to analyse and discuss the nature of the teambuilding process. I will look at the various components involved in this process, from Leadership Styles and communication methods to decision-making, planning, and group dynamics. Within the context of this framework I will attempt to integrate several academic models and theories in order to clarify my own ideas on the teambuilding process. Finally, I will focus on my own personal style of leadership and motivational techniques. Would I have been able to lead the team to achieve its maximum potential? Have I achieved a good balance between directing group actions and giving the group the freedom to make their own choices? Ultimately, have I been honest enough with the group to gain their trust and respect? The most important aspect in the initial teambuilding phase is time spent on planning. Before the team meets as a group it will be necessary to clearly define the reason for the team's existence. What will be their function within the context of the organisations future strategies? As Coghlan (1994,) states: † Groups and teams play a key role in the process of planned organisational change. The change process typically involves teams in the organisation's hierarchy responding to the change agenda and adapting to it in terms of its tasks and processes. †    I think it is essential at this stage to also consider which leadership style gives me the best opportunity to obtain maximum effectiveness for the group. The previous questions identify several separate issues i.e. what tasks will the group have to perform and how will this affect individuals within the group? John Adair (1985) identifies the relationship between the task, the group and the individual (see fig. 1) and how a balance must be maintained between all three in order to produce the most effective results for the organisation. Fig.1 Interaction of needs within the group. ( Adair, 1985) In order to fulfil each of these needs it is necessary to obtain a high degree of information, and to establish lines of communication. My first task will be to identify the companies strategy and what requirements they have for the team. Will the team have to report back specifically to anyone, or will there be a certain level of group autonomy? It will also be necessary to define the boundaries/parameters that the team will be required to work within. I will also establish what resources are available i.e. money, information, time and materials. Will we have use of a secretary for notetaking and access to a suitable room for team meetings? Once the issues of task have been established I will then explore the expectations and experiences of the individuals who will comprise the group. Schutz (1958) argues that it is possible to determine how well a group will come together by looking at the compatibility of the individuals within that group. In order to match personality types and balance skill levels it is useful to look at the work of Meredith Belbin (1993) whose research offers a typology of team roles and behaviour (fig. 2). Each team member would be required to complete Belbin's Self-Perception Inventory before the meeting. Tyson and Jackson (1992) further categorised Belbin's original eight roles into subsections of people, task and ideas. They identified the wide range of differences in personality and character those individual team members would bring to a group, this in turn enables predictions to be made about the possible strengths and weaknesses in group dynamics. I think that it would also be a useful tool for team members to understand their own unique attributes that they bring to the team. These one to one meetings will be a good opportunity to express to team members an outline of the companies objectives and to get a feel for their own expectations and interests. I would also emphasise that within the team a level of parity will exist, irrespective of external hierarchies, and that I would always be available if individual members felt that decisions taken within the group were causing external pressures. My final task before organising the first team meeting would be to get each member to briefly write down what their levels of expertise and experience are and a short outline about themselves, plus relevant e-mail addresses and telephone numbers (if they have access). This initial pattern of communication is comparable to ‘the wheel' Mullins (1999) where the leader acts as a central conduit through which all parties communicate and indirectly are all linked. My eventual aim however would be to decentralise this communication method and achieve ‘the all-channel network' Mullins (1999). The latter system requires that all members of the team interact with each other. I would hope that this system would produce an environment where all members feel comfortable enough to express themselves freely, and that the communication channels promote the free exchange of ideas. The next stage in the teambuilding cycle is the team meeting. This will require a certain amount of planning and consideration. This preparation will hopefully convey a level of professionalism and intent to each of the team members. Because the team are new to each other, and to me, I will be trying to gain their trust and promote confidence in the project. It is essential to ensure that everyone will be able to attend the meeting. I would plan for weekly meetings initially on one dedicated afternoon (probably Monday). This would allow the team to clear their schedule well in advance. Regular attendance demonstrates a level of commitment and promotes team unity, which is vitally important at this stage. It is also important to have an agenda with a time-scale built in, meetings can become long and drawn out and members lose interest and focus. Team members should be notified well in advance of the meeting, either by e-mail or memo. The initial phase of the meeting will allow the team to introduce themselves. This will then be followed by my own introduction, and a presentation which would emphasise the organisations goals and objectives (It might be necessary to invite someone from senior management to give a short introduction to the project, and to stress the importance of the teams involvement). I would then encourage the group to establish a team mission/charter, which would give the team focus, and would also help to develop team identity. It is important that members do not feel alienated because they are unable to link their work with overall organisational goals Maslow (1954). At the end of this talk I will introduce two more concepts to the group. The idea here is to increase awareness in the teambuilding process, whether through improved decision making or more efficient problem solving. The first is the observation sheet Mullins (pg.498, 1999). This is a feedback mechanism on individual participation, and could be a useful tool in future weeks. The sheet is a simple method for giving constructive feedback. However, in order to promote a non-judgemental environment it would be necessary to employ an independent assessor to undertake this role. Secondly I would introduce Tuckman's (1965) ‘Team Development Wheel'. The wheel looks at change in the group process and focuses on the dynamics of a team's development. Tuckman identifies four different stages that should be accomplished in order to attain group maturity. The stages are: At stage one, Forming, the team has many questions, concerns. There are certain anxieties like, where do they fit into the group? Why am I here? Who are the other team members? Will I be able to get all my questions answered? It is important at this stage that the Team Leader has prepared well enough to reassure everyone by providing suitable answers and by providing a framework whereby individuals will have a better understanding of what they are expected to contribute. Belbin's (1993) team analysis could be usefully deployed at this stage. At stage two, Storming, the group may find difficulties occur as the team attempts to assert identity. Personal differences will emerge on the proposed direction that the group should take. This is a particularly difficult stage as competition and jealousy can cause other members to feel demotivated and to question their need to belong to the team. I would try to foster an open and honest forum. I would attempt to decrease my own influence on the decision making process and encourage the team to work their way through any difficulties, and hope that other leaders may emerge to offer further support. At stage three, Norming, a more cohesive unit will emerge. Team members will have developed more confidence in the group, there is a greater sense of belonging. Member's opinions are more readily accepted, and preconceived ideas are diluted in order to achieve common consent. At this point I can act more as a facilitator, providing occasional feedback, but allowing the group to formulate and expedite their own decisions. Finally at stage four, Performing, the group will have achieved a high state of maturity. A supportive and trust based ethos permeates the group. Tasks are tackled effectively, and the group has a flexible and resourceful approach to decision making and problem solving. My role at this point would still be as a facilitator, able to offer experience and advice when required. Each stage provides the group with insight into the various mechanisms' that are required to allow the teambuilding process to progress. By understanding the process the team will perhaps be more adaptable to change and work more fluently towards achieving team goals. It is vital that team unity is established at the earliest opportunity. It's important that team members leave this first meeting with a positive attitude to what they are being asked to accomplish. The team mission will outline the team's objectives, and members will be encouraged to share ideas and communicate with each other or through me. A further way to improve team unity is through the use of teambuilding exercises and training programs. Teambuilding exercises will give the group a chance to deal with real issues in a safe environment. They encourage the group to respond as a collective unit to achieve results and they assist with team bonding and individual growth. Taking this concept a step further, I would schedule a two to three day weekend away from the company, and invest a portion of the resources (if they are available) in a practical teambuilding exercise program. This type of weekend would focus on team issues like trust, respect, and empowerment, and would improve interpersonal relationships and promote strong partnerships. I would arrange this time away in the first month of the project. Training would be tailored to reflect my leadership style, whereby, I would empower the team with the freedom to make decisions within defined parameters Murdock (1999). I would arrange training sessions to deal ! with the two complementary key issues required for this process, i.e. communication and decision-making. With empowerment comes a level of responsibility; a responsibility that each team member would have towards each other to listen effectively and give constructive feedback. Team members must provide each other with feedback on whether their performance enhances the team's performance or impedes it. To do this they need an understanding of non-verbal communication and effective listening skills. Regular training sessions could provide each member with key skills. I would try to initiate some kind of training budget, specifically for the team, in order that this program of improvements could be accomplished.

Compare the Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality to Freudian Psychoanalysis

The hypothesis that personality characteristics directly influence physical health is a big part in health psychology and related fields (Smith, 2013). This information is often not dealt with completely when dealing with the insufficient attention to personality measurement. The ideal is that submission is a somewhat healthier stance than that of a dominate personality. The fear of rejections, negative evaluations and social anxieties are inversely associated with dominance.So the studies on dominance provide statistically significant disconfirming evidence regarding interpersonal sensitivity and cardiovascular disease. This information has been presented in a clear conceptual model of potentially important personality traits related to health (Smith, 2013). There is no substantial evidence that there is interpersonal sensitivity predicts the infectious diseases or cardiovascular disease. There is many concerns about the positives and negatives of this study due to the potential of convincing individuals that they have no control in their own health.The main purpose of this kind of study is to provide for useful tools. There is a certain amount of reading that is to be considered to be a potential issue as to if the personality characteristics directly influence the health of a person. A discussion on animal research is related to some of the hypothesis. In these studies a widely cited animal research is that in social behavior provide further evidence that dominance can promote cardiovascular disease. In male monkeys, the dominate male is put under a great deal of stress to deal with the whole group.There are also studies that prove the difference that being submissive in personality is a way to gain more cardiovascular disease. Personality implications of adaption-innovation: v. birth order as a determination of cognitive style. The first born child is the personality type that is the child the parents learn with and from. This is the child that generally is the obedient child and is readily available to mind their parents. This particular study deals with the birth order in the cognitive abilities of the child as well as the way to solve problems by doing things differently or breaking paradigms.When there is left brain domination then the planned approach relates to the adaption, and the right brain dominated individuals relates to innovation. The general belief is that Kirton believes that an individual’s position on the dimension of adaptation-innovation is determined by genetic component. These traits in first born children are conforming, efficient, and disciplined (Skinner & Fox-Francoeur, 2010). These individuals tend to reject new ideas, especially when the ideal is something that has been tried and true for a substantial amount of time.The adaptation tends to be in the first born and the innovation tends to be with the later born of children. Direct and Indirect effects of Birth order on personality and Identity: Suppo rt for the null Hypothesis The hypothesis is that the proposed birth order affects the psychological outcomes through the different investments between the parents and the children and the differences in the identification from between the parent to the child (Dunkel, Harbke, & Papini, 2009).The difference is that the hypothesis of the birth order is not simply the psychological effect of the birth order, but it is the amount of everything that the parent invests in the child that bonds the child to the parent. This also causes different types of psychological development of these children. The understanding is that the first born child will more try to attempt to win favor with the parent by identifying with the parent and then the differential investments with the other children that will not be as anxious to identify with the parents.There are generally five accepted traits of a first born child are more conscientious, extroverted, and possibly neurotic while being less open and agreeable (Dunkel, Harbke, & Papini, 2009). Birth order or the psychological effects of birth order is not always straightforward in the findings and understandings. There are always changes made when determining the psychological effect of birth order with other changes in the child’s life such as divorce, step-siblings, half siblings, adopted siblings and spacing between siblings that would change the dynamics of the whole birth order process.There are other factors that have to be considered in this process is that the age of the parents, education level which are both in direct relation to the maternal issues of the parents which are put upon the child. Also the full model is where the psychological effect is up to the parent’s investment and identification. The evaluation of the data is in several steps. First the information is dealing with the participant’s age, gender, and parental education.Then the next is the evaluation of the maternal age as a potent ial moderator of the relation between birth order on personality information (). Then the evaluation of closeness, rejection and identification as potential mediators in how the birth order influences personality hypothesized (Dunkel, Harbke, & Papini, 2009). The determination of the age, gender and parental education is that is unlikely to influence the behaviors and psychological addressing of the closeness, rejection or identification of the children.The closest degree of relationship is dealing with the first born and the maternal age. The indirect effects on personality and identity and there is a direct absence between birth order and any of the personality or identity. With the findings of the instance is that the children find the niche in the family with the parents ability and investment in the child from birth order to personality and identify formation. This information was stating that the psychological effects are not directly related to the birth order or the mediator that is the closeness or rejection from the mother.The potential outcomes the more sensitive the family dynamics it is reasonable to conclude that birth order is of little importance in predicting individual differences in personality and identity (). The effects of birth order on personality traits and feelings of academic sibling rivalry have been documented with the connection to birth order and personality; however, there are still controversies over the types investigated. The first born child was the birth order contributed to why children with the same family have different personalities.When handled appropriately the first born child can be responsible and even a protective person. When handled inappropriately the first born child could end up with criminalist type tendencies and very neurotic in their behaviors. The child that is always trying to play catch up with the eldest child is more likely to become neurotic. The first born child generally takes the parental role as the surrogate parent to their siblings, where the later of the children generally take new interests and activities within the family to prove that they are worthy of attention.There are three different kinds of personality traits that are dealt with when dealing with birth order and that is social, academic and physical. Sibling rivalry does not usually decrease with age spacing, number of parent’s numbers or sibling within the family and the ability to develop strategies and support for children suffers with sibling rivalries (Badger & Reddy, 2009). The academic scores between the lastborn participants are tat scoring is higher than last born participants. The second is the conscientiousness scores was the first born were significantly different than that of the last born.Then the differences in the openness to Experience and Agreeableness the last born participants scored higher than that of the first born child. Preliminary analyses show the main difference in the birth order and conscientiousness with firstborn children having higher levels of higher conscientiousness. The last children are more likely to experience the feeling of inadequacy compared to the eldest child (Badger & Reddy, 2009). The issue with the last born experiencing more academic rivalry may be explained that the youngest siblings were more likely to feel inadequate.There has been much discussion about the damage that is done by sibling rivalry that concerns issues all the way from resentment, to no harm, to serious harm between siblings. The discussion is ongoing to determine if the birth order does actually have a considerable impact on the continued sibling rivalry. Research suggests that birth order does influence various personality traits that are continuous, such as conscientiousness, openness to new experience and agreeableness but there is much debate about sibling rivalry.Introduction to the Commentaries and Online Forum of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and T reatment Research on personality disorders has a long history of clinical and theoretical literature on the pathogenesis and treatment of personality disorders. This area has seen a large increase in this area leading to understanding of the nature, course, correlates and consequences of personality broadly (Krueger, 2010). The research has lead to a better understanding and treatment of the personality disorders.Narcissism is a dimensional trait should be used to help propel the research of personality disorders. The personal inflammation of the worth of oneself, power, prestige and vanity is the personality disorder that is gives the unearned sense of entitlement. These individuals have the belief that they should have extreme attention from others and have an extreme lack of empathy for others. The understanding of these personality disorders also assists with the potential of prevention and intervention programs to deal with the personality disorders (Krueger, 2010).With the pra ctice and realization of the different types of personality disorders there are more opportunities to work between the clinical researchers, and clinicians to maintain a dialogs to increase the understanding and treatment of these disorders. The ability to create the dialog between the clinicians and the clinical researchers that will highlight some unanswered questions that will help to work toward questions that need to be addressed in the research. The publishing of the information that is gathered would assist in helping and giving relief to the individuals that suffers of these personality disorders.

Spontaneous Fission Definition

Music And Its Impact On Society - 908 Words

Research Music has been apart of society for a long time. It has benefited a lot of people in different ways. It is very exciting and interesting. Music creates new vibes, fashion trends, and can give great advice. Music is very motivational and inspirational. It may express emotions and new ideas for many people and is also meant to entertain and stimulate the mind. Music goes back to prehistoric times. Prehistoric music was also known as folk music. The origin of music is unknown. Some suggest that it stems from natural repeated sounds and rhythms. The sounds that were occurring were echoes that created patterns. That gave them the idea to make those occurring sounds more rhythmic. In todays society for example, some music intend on imitating natural sounds. People suggest that the first instrument was the human voice itself, which makes a number of sounds including humming, singing, whistling, and clicking. Music has evolved into different sounds. This is mainly because this is a new era and we are more advanced in terms of technology and making more sounds. There are more categories of music now than there was in prehistoric times. Music is found in every known culture, past and present. People suggest that music was formed in Africa and then became a fundamental element of human life. A culture s music is influenced by aspects of the cultur e, such as social and economic organization and experience, climate, and access to technology. Music is expressed byShow MoreRelatedMusic And Its Impact On Society958 Words   |  4 PagesMusic in Our Culture Although some may suggest music can only serve for entertainment, music imposes a direct impact on the ideals and actions of today’s culture. In the past, the music of a culture greatly impacts the people and speaks what the people felt afraid to express. Different types of music reach different areas of the human brain, thus affecting the way people act in various ways. 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Biblical Theology Of Family Ministry - 5153 Words

Biblical theology of family Ministry __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. W. Ryan Steenburg The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for 45260 V __________________ by Indra Koirala indra.koirala567@gmail.com November 15, 2015 BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF FAMILY MINISTRY I still remember the time of my childhood when peace in my family was only a myth! My dad used to come home badly drunk almost every evening, and his entry to our home was the most frustrating and frightening thing I have ever experienced in my childhood. And I was growing under his parenting. However, the situation in my family changed dramatically when my parents decided to convert into Christianity in 1993. I cannot explain how my father changed himself from being a problem of the family to being a solution of the problem in the family, but I know his decision to follow Jesus made this possible. 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Cultivation an Equal Oppoturnity Society Essay Sample free essay sample

I owe my being to the hills and the vale. the mountains and the clearings. the rivers. the comeuppances. the trees. the flowers. the seas and the ever-changing seasons that define the face of our native land. My organic structure has frozen in our hoars and in our latter twenty-four hours snows. It has thawed in the heat of our sunlight and melted in the heat of the noon Sun. The cleft and the rumbling of the summer booms. lashed by galvanizing buoy uping. have been a cause both of shaking and of hope. The aromas of nature have been as pleasant to us as the sight of the wild blooms of the citizens of the veld. The dramatic forms of the Drakensberg. the soil-coloured Waterss of the Lekoa. iGqili noThukela. and the littorals of the Kgalagadi. have all been panels of the set on the natural phase on which we act out the foolish workss of the theater of our twenty-four hours. At times. and in fright. I have wondered whether I should profess equal citizenship of our state to the leopard and the king of beasts. the elephant and the springbuck. the hyaena. the black mamba and the pestiferous mosquito.A human presence among all these. a characteristic on the face of our native land therefore defined. I know that none daring dispute me when I say – I am an African! I owe my being to the Khoi and the San whose desolate psyche hangout the great sweeps of the beautiful Cape – they who fell victim to the most unmerciful genocide our native land has of all time seen. they who were the first to lose their lives in the battle to support our freedom and dependance and they who. as a people. perished in the consequence. Today. as a state. we keep an hearable silence about these ascendants of the coevalss that live. fearful to acknowledge the horror of a former title. seeking to kill from our memories a cruel happening which. in its memory. should learn us non and neer to be cold once more. I am formed of the migrators who left Europe to happen a new place on our native land. Whatever their ain actions. they remain still. portion of me. In my venas courses the blood of the Malay slaves who came from the East. Their proud self-respect informs my bearing. their civilization a portion of my kernel. The chevrons they bore on their organic structures from the cilium of the slave maestro are a reminder embossed on my consciousness of what should non be done.Read Also:  Our Changing SocietyI am the grandchild of the warrior work forces and adult females that Hintsa and Sekhukhune led. the nationalists that Cetshwayo and Mphephu took to conflict. the soldiers Moshoeshoe and Ngungunyane taught neer to dishonor the cause of freedom. My head and my cognition of myself is formed by the triumphs that are the gems in our African Crown. the triumphs we earned from Isandhlwana to Khartoum. as Ethiopians and as the Ashanti of Ghana. as the Berbers of the desert. I am the grandchild who lays fresh flowers on the Boer Gravess at St Helena and the Bahamas. who sees in the mind’s oculus and suffers the agony of a simple provincial common people. decease. concentration cantonments. destroyed homesteads. a dream in ruins. I am the kid of Nongqause. I am he who made it possible to merchandise in the universe markets in diamonds. in gold. in the same nutrient for which my tummy yearns. I come of those who were transported from India and China. whose being resided in the fact. entirely. that they were able to supply physical labor. who taught me that we could both be at place and be foreign. who taught me that homo being itself demanded that freedom was a necessary status for that human being. Being portion of all these people. and in the cognition that none daring competition that averment. I shall claim that – I am an African.I have seen our state lacerate asunder as these. all of whom are my people. engaged one another in a titanic conflict. the one damages a incorrect that had been caused by one to another and the other. to support the untenable. I have seen what happens when one individual has high quality of force over another. when the stronger appropriate to themselves the prerogative even to invalidate the injunction that God created all work forces and adult females in His image. I know what if signifies when race and coloring material are used to find who is human and who. sub-human. I have seen the devastation of all sense of self-pride. the consequent endeavoring to be what one is non. merely to get some of the benefits which those who had improved themselves as Masterss had ensured that they enjoy. I have experience of the state of affairs in which race and coloring material is used to enrich some and impoverish the remainder. I have seen the corruptness of heads and psyches in the chase of an ignoble attempt to commit a regular offense against humanity. I have seen concrete look of the denial of the self-respect of a human being emanating from the witting. systemic and systematic oppressive and inhibitory activities of other human existences.There the victims parade with no mask to conceal the beastly world – the mendicants. the cocottes. the street kids. those who seek consolation in substance maltreatment. those who have to steal to pacify hungriness. those who have to lose their saneness because to be sane is to ask for hurting. Possibly the worst among these. who are my people. are those who have learnt to kill for a pay. To these the extent of decease is straight relative to their personal public assistance. And so. like pawns in the service of brainsick psyches. they kill in promotion of the political force in KwaZulu-Natal. They murder the inexperienced person in the cab wars.They kill easy or rapidly in order to do net incomes from the illegal trade in narcotics. They are available for hire when hubby wants to slay married woman and married woman. hubby. Among us prowl the merchandises of our immoral and amoral yesteryear – slayers who have no sense of the worth of human life. rapers who have absolute contempt for the adult females of our state. animate beings who would seek to profit from the exposure of the kids. the handicapped and the old. the predatory who brook no obstruction in their pursuit for self-enrichment. All this I know and know to be true because I am an African! Because of that. I am besides able to province this cardinal truth that I am born of a people who are heroes and heroines. I am born of a people who would non digest subjugation. I am of a state that would non let that fright of decease. anguish. imprisonment. expatriate or persecution should ensue in the prolongation of unfairness. The great multitudes who are our female parent and male parent will non allow that the behavior of the few consequences in the description of our state and people as barbarian. Patient because history is on their side. these multitudes do non despair because today the conditions is bad. Nor do they turn triumphalist when. tomorrow. the Sun radiances. Whatever the fortunes they have lived through and because of that experience. they are determined to specify for themselves who they are and who they should be. We are assembled here today to tag their triumph in geting and exerting their right to explicate their ain definition of what it means to be African. The fundamental law whose acceptance we celebrate constitutes and univocal statement that we refuse to accept that our Africanness shall be defined by our race. coloring material. gender of historical beginnings. It is a steadfast averment made by ourselves that South Africa belongs to all who live in it. black and white. It gives concrete look to the sentiment we portion as Africans. and will support to the decease. that the people shall regulate. It recognises the fact that the self-respect of the person is both an aim which society must prosecute. and is a end which can non be separated from the material wellbeing of that person. It seeks to make the state of affairs in which all our people shall be free from fright. including the fright of the subjugation of one national group by another. the fright of the disempowerment of one societal echelon by another. the fright of the usage of province power to deny anybody their cardinal human rights and the fright of dictatorship. It aims to open the doors so that those who were disadvantaged can presume their topographic point in society as peers with their fellow human existences without respect to color. race. gender. age or geographic dispersion. It provides the chance to enable each one and all to province their positions. advance them. endeavor for their execution in the procedure of administration without fright that a contrary position will be met with repression. It creates a law-governed society which shall be unfriendly to arbitrary regulation. It enables the declaration of struggles by peaceable agencies instead than fall back to force.It rejoices in the diverseness of our people and creates the infinite for all of us voluntarily to specify ourselves as one people. As an African. this is an accomplishment of which I am proud. proud without reserve and proud without any feeling of amour propre. Our sense of lift at this minute besides derives from the fact that this brilliant merchandise is the alone creative activity of African custodies and African heads. Bit it is besides constitutes a testimonial to our loss of amour propre that we could. despite the enticement to handle ourselves as an exceeding fragment of humanity. pull on the accrued experience and wisdom of all world. to specify for ourselves what we want to be. Together with the best in the universe. we excessively are prone to pettiness. irritability. selfishness and short-sightedness. But it seems to hold happened that we looked at ourselves and said the clip had come that we make a super-human attempt to be other than human. to react to the call to make for ourselves a glorious hereafter. to remind ourselves of the Latin expression: Gloria est consequenda – Glory must be sought after! Today it feels good to be an African.It feels good that I can stand here as a South African and as a pes soldier of a titanic African ground forces. the African National Congress. to state to all the parties represented here. to the 1000000s who made an input into the procedures we are reasoning. to our outstanding compatriots who have presided over the birth of our founding papers. to the negotiants who pitted their marbless one against the other. to the unobserved stars who shone unobserved as the direction and disposal of the Constitutional Assembly. the advisors. experts and publicizers. to the mass communicating media. to our friends across the Earth – praises and good done! I am an African. I am born of the peoples of the continent of Africa.The hurting of the violent struggle that the peoples of Liberia. Somalia. the Sudan. Burundi and Algeria is a hurting I besides bear. The blue shame of poorness. agony and human debasement of my continent is a blight that we portion. The blight on our felicity that derives from this and from our impetus to the fringe of the ordination of human personal businesss leaves us in a relentless shadow of desperation. This is a barbarian route to which cipher should be condemned.This thing that we have done today. in this little corner of a great continent that has contributed so resolutely to the development of humanity says that Africa reaffirms that she is go oning her rise from the ashes. Whatever the reverses of the minute. nil can halt us now! Whatever the troubles. Africa shall be at peace!However unlikely it may sound to the skeptics. Africa will thrive! Whoever we may be. whatever our immediate involvement. nevertheless much we carry luggage from our yesteryear. nevertheless much we have been caught by the manner of cynicism and loss of religion in the capacity of the people. allow us mistake today and state – nil can halt us now! Thank youThabo Mbeki’s surrender addressThabo Mbeki22 September 2008Address to the state by the South African president September 21 2008Fellow South Africans.I have no uncertainty that you are cognizant of the proclamation made yesterday by the National Executive Committee of the ANC with respect to the place of the President of the Republic.Consequently. I would wish to take this chance to inform the state that today I handed a missive to the Speaker of the National Assembly. the Honorable Baleka Mbete. to tender my surrender from the high place of President of the Republic of South Africa. effectual from the twenty-four hours that will be determined by the National Assembly.I have been a loyal member of the African National Congress for 52 old ages. I remain a member of the ANC and hence esteem its determinations. It is for this ground that I have taken the determination to vacate as President of the Republic. following the determination of the National Executive Committee of the ANC.I would wish unfeignedly to thank the state and the ANC for holding given me the chance to function in public office during the last 14 old ages as the Deputy President and President of South Africa.This service has at all times been based on the vision. the rules and values that have guided the ANC as it prosecuted a hard and unsafe battle in the decennaries before the attainment of our freedom in 1994. Among other things. the vision. rules and values of the ANC teach the cells of this motion life-long lessons that inform us that wherever we are and whatever we do we should guarantee that our actions contribute to the attainment of a free and merely society. the upliftment of all our people. and the development of a South Africa that belongs to all who live in it.This is the vision of a South Africa that is democratic. non-racial. non-sexist and comfortable ; a state in which all the people enjoy a better life.Indeed the work we have done in chase of the vision and rules of our release motion has at all times been based on the antique values of Ubuntu. of altruism. forfeit and service in a mode that ensures that the involvements of the people take precedency over our desires as persons.I genuinely believe that the authoritiess in which I have been privileged to function hold acted and worked in the true spirit of these of import values.Based on the values of Ubuntu. the significance of which we learnt at the pess of such giants of our battle as Chief Albert Luthuli. OR Tambo. Nelson Mandela and others. we as authorities. embarked. from 1994. on policies and programmes directed at drawing the people of South Africa out of the mire of poorness and guaranting that we build a stable. developed and comfortable state.Consequently. among many things we did. we transformed our economic system. ensuing in the longest sustained period of economic growing in the history of our state ; we introduced an indigent policy that reaches big Numberss of those in demand ; we made the necessary progresss so as to convey about a developmental province. the better to react to the many and varied challenges of the transmutation of our state.This is. of class non the juncture to enter the accomplishments of authorities. An extra critical few are nevertheless deserving adverting. They include our accomplishments with respect to many of the Millennium Development Goals. the authorization of adult females. the determination to let us to host the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup and our election as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council two old ages ago.Despite the economic progresss we have made. I would be the first to state that even as we ensured consistent economic growing. the fruits of these positive consequences are still to be to the full and equitably shared among our people. hence the low poorness we still find coexistent side by side with extraordinary luxury.Importantly. we had an duty to guarantee that democracy becomes the lasting characteristic of our lives and that all our citizens respect the regulation of jurisprudence and human rights. This is one of the basiss of our democracy. which we have systematically striven to protect and neer to compromise.We have besides worked continuously to battle the twin challenges of offense and corruptness. to guarantee that all our people live in conditions of safety and security. We must acknowledge that we are still faced with many challenges in this respect.Work will hence hold to go on to beef up and better the operation of our condemnable justness system. to supply the necessary resources for this intent. to trip the multitudes of our people to fall in the battle against offense and corruptness. and to accomplish new triumphs in the battle for moral regeneration.With respect to the latter. our consecutive authoritiess from 1994 to day of the month hold worked systematically to promote the intrenchment in our state of a value system whose observation would do all of us Proudly South African. a value system informed by the principle of Ubuntu – umuntu ngumuntu ngabanye. Among other things this means that we must all act in a mode that respects the self-respect of every human being.We have sought to progress this vision exactly because we understood that we would neglect in the battle to accomplish the national and societal coherence that our state needs. every bit good as the national integrity we require to enable us to move together to turn to the major challenges we face.Fellow South Africans.Since the attainment of our freedom in 1994. we have acted systematically to esteem and support the independency of the bench. For this ground our consecutive authoritiess have honoured all judicial determinations. including those that went against the Executive. This did non intend that the Executive did non at times have strong positions which we would hold publically pronounced upon. The cardinal attack we adopted has ever been to support the bench instead than move in a mode that would hold had a negative impact on its work.Indeed. on the infrequent cases when we have publically expressed positions contrary to those of the bench. we have done so aware of the demand to protect its unity.Consistent with this pattern. I would wish to repeat the place of Cabinet on the illations made by the Honourable Judge Chris Nicholson that the President and Cabinet have interfered in the work the National Prosecuting Authority ( NPA ) . Again I would wish to province this flatly that we have neer done this. and hence neer compromised the right of the National Prosecuting Authority to make up ones mind whom it wished to prosecute or non to prosecute.This applies every bit to the painful affair associating to the tribunal proceedings against the President of the ANC. Comrade Jacob Zuma.More by and large. I would wish to guarantee the state that our consecutive authoritiess since 1994 have neer acted in any mode intended willfully to go against the Constitution and the jurisprudence. We have ever sought to esteem the grave Oath of Office each one of us made in forepart of the Chief Justice and other Judgess. and have ever been witting of the fact that the legal order that governs our state was achieved through the forfeits made by infinite Numberss of our people. which included decease.In this context it is most unfortunate that gratuitous suggestions have been made seeking to impugn the unity of those of us who have been privileged to function in our country’s National Executive.Compatriots.Again. as you know. we have frequently pointed to the fact that our release motion has ever been pan-African in its mentality and hence that we have an duty to lend to the Renaissance of the African continent.All of us are cognizant of the immense and dashing challenges that face our continent. In the short old ages since our freedom. as South Africans we have done what we could to do our low part to the regeneration of our continent.We have devoted clip and resources to the undertaking of accomplishing the Renaissance of Africa because this is what has informed coevalss of our liberators. even before the ANC was formed in 1912. We have done this to the full understanding that our state portions a common fate with the remainder of our Continent.I hence thank the many dedicated compatriots – work forces and adult females – who have made it possible for us to lend to the declaration of struggles and the strengthening of democracy in a figure of states including the Kingdom of Lesotho. the Democratic Republic of Congo. Burundi. Cote d’Ivoire. Comoros. Zimbabwe. Sudan and elsewhere. We have besides done this work conscious of our duties as a State Member of both SADC and the African Union.I would wish to thank my co-workers. the many Heads of State and Government on the African continent whose staying vision is that Africa must be free ; that all our states. separately and jointly should go democratic. developed and comfortable. and that Africa must unify. These African nationalists know as I do that Africa and Africans will non and must non be the wretched of the Earth in sempiternity.Similarly we have worked to lend to the accomplishment of the aspirations of the states and peoples of the South. conscious of the demand for us to move in solidarity and in integrity with the one million millions with whom we portion the common challenge to get the better of poorness and underdevelopment. Consequently. I depart the Office of President of South Africa cognizing that this state has many work forces and adult females who have dedicated their lives to guarantee that South Africa. Africa and the states of the South will. in clip. manage to guarantee a better universe for all of humanity. I depart this Office conscious that the sterling work done by the Presidency. the Ministries and sections. the states and local authorities constructions will go on. driven by the finding to accomplish the end of a better life for all. I am convinced that the incoming disposal will break the work done during the past 14-and-half old ages so that poorness. underdevelopment. unemployment. illiteracy. challenges of wellness. offense and corruptness will discontinue to specify the lives of many of our people. I have received many messages from South Africans. from all walks of life. through e-mails. telephonically and through cell phone text messages every bit good as those conveyed through my co-workers. I thank all of you. fellow South Africans. for these messages.To everyone. and reacting to these messages. I would wish to state that somberness and despondence have neer defeated hardship. Trying times need bravery and resiliency. Our strength as a people is non tested during the best of times. As we said earlier. we should neer go despondent because the conditions is bad nor should we turn triumphalist because the Sun radiances. For South Africa to win there is more work to be done and I trust that we will go on to endeavor to move in integrity to speed up the progress towards the accomplishment of our shared national ends. In this respect. it may be deserving reiterating what I said during the startup of the President of the Republic in 1999. Using the metaphor of the Comrades Marathon. I said so that: â€Å"Those who complete the class will make so merely because they do non. as fatigue sets in. convince themselves that the route in front is still excessively long. the slopes excessively steep. the solitariness impossible to bear and the award itself of dubious value. † Once more. I thank you most unfeignedly for affording me the chance to function you and to function the people of Africa. Thank you. Ngiyathokoza. Ke ya Lebogang. Ndo livhuwa. Ndiyabulela. Ndza khensa. Baie dankie. Ngiyabonga Issued by The Presidency September 21 2008